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Why is it, in spite of the fact
that teaching by pouring in, learning by passing absorption, are
universally condemned, that they are still so entrenched in practice?
John Dewey, Democracy in Education, 1916, p 46
What Is Cooperative Learning? Getting Started
The following two references are recommended for those seeking a general overview of common techniques used to implement cooperative learning and a discussion of how some
of these techniques have been used in chemistry lectures and laboratories.
1. Blosser, P. E.; Using Cooperative Learning in Science Education; Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Clearinghouse for
Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education, 1929 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1080. Also available under "publications" at
http://www.ericse.org/eric/csmee/science/science.html.
2. Nurrenbern, S. C.; Krupp, A.; Experiences in Cooperative Learning: A Collection for Chemistry
Teachers; Publication 95-001, Institute for Chemical Education, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 1995.
General References
1. Cohen, E. G.; Designing Groupwork; Teachers College Press: New York, 1986.
2. Cooperative Learning and College Teaching Newsletter; Cooper, J., Ed.; HFA-B-316, California State
University-Dominguez Hills, 1000 E. Victoria St., Carson, CA 90747.
3. Enhancing Thinking through Cooperative Learning; Davidson, N.; Worsham, T., Eds.; Teachers College Press:
New York, 1992.
4. Jalajas, D. C.; Sutton, R.I. Feuds in student groups: Coping with whiners, martyrs, saboteurs, bullies, and
deadbeats; The Organizational Behavior Teaching Review Vol. IX(4), 1984-85, 94.
5. Johnson, D. W.; Johnson, R. T.; Smith, K. A. Active Learning: Cooperation in the College
Classroom; Interaction Book Co.: Edina, MN, 1991.
6. Johnson, D. W.; Johnson, R. T. Encouraging student-student interactions. National Association for Research
in Science Teaching (NARST), Research Matters to the Science Teacher; at http://science.coe.uwf.edu/narst/narst.html/
7. Johnson, D. W.; Johnson, R. T. Student-student interaction: Ignored but powerful; J. Teach. Educ. 1985, 36, 22.
8. Kirschner, P. A. Epistomology, practical work and academic skills in science education; Sci. & Educ. 1992, 1, 273.
9. MacGregor, J. Collaborative learning: Shared inquiry as a process of reform; New Direct. Teach. Learn. 1990,
42, 19.
10. What Research Says to the Science Teacher; The Process of Knowing, Vol. 6; Rowe, M. B., Ed.; National
Science Teachers Association: Washington, DC, 1990.
Introduction to Cooperative Learning in Chemistry. Course Organization
1. Basili, P. A.; Sanford, J. Conceptual change strategies and cooperative group work in chemistry; J. Res.
Sci. Teach. 1991, 28(4), 293.
2. Bodner, G. M.; Metz, P. A.; Tobin, K. Cooperative learning: An alternative to teaching at a medieval
university; Aust. Sci. Teach. J. 1997, 43(1), 23.
3. Cooper, M. M. Cooperative learning, an approach for large enrollment courses; J. Chem.
Educ. 1995, 72, 162.
4. Dougherty, R. C. Grade/study-performance contracts, enhanced communication, cooperative learning, and student performance in
undergraduate organic chemistry; J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 722.
5. Flemming, F. F. No small change: Simultaneously introducing cooperative learning and microscale
experiments in an organic lab course. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 719.
6. Goodsell, A. S.; et.al. Collaborative Learning: A Sourcebook for Higher Education; National Center on Postsecondary Teaching,
Learning, and Assessment: University Park, PA, 1992.
7. Kerns, T. Should we use cooperative learning in college chemistry? J. Coll. Sci. Teach. 1996, 25(6), 435.
8. Morgan, D. New methods teach science by observation, hypothesis; Scientist 1991, 5(4), 1.
9. Ross, M. R.; Fulton, R. B. Active learning strateges in the analytical chemistry classroom; J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 141.
Cooperative Learning in the Chemistry Laboratory
1. Biersmith, E. L., III; Hinton, J.; Normand, R.; Raymond, G. Group organic chemistry; J. Chem. Educ. 1975, 52, 593.
2. Bishop, E. O. Group work for undergraduates; Educ. Chem. 1995, 32, 131.
3. Buono, J. A.; Fasching, J. L. Initiative, ingenuity, creativity, and chemistry, too? A group approach to
analytical projects; J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 616.
4. Corwin, J. F.; Wilson, A. R. Analytical chemistry and the cooperative plan; J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 244.
5. Smith, M. E.; Hinckley, C. C.; Volk, G. L. Cooperative learning in the undergraduate laboratory;
J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 413.
6. Varco-Shea, T. C.; Darlington, J.; Turnbull, M. Group project format in first-semester general chemistry
lab; J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 536.
7. Walters, J. P. Role-playing in the undergraduate laboratory; Anal. Chem. 1991, 63(6), 347a.
8. Walters, J. P. Role-playing analytical chemistry laboratories, part I: Structural and pedagogical ideas;
Anal. Chem. 1991, 63(20), 977a.
9. Wright, J. C. Authentic learning environment in analytical chemistry using cooperative methods and
open-ended laboratories in large-lecture courses; J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 827.
Cooperative Learning in the Chemistry Lecture
1. Felder, R. M. Active-inductive-cooperative learning: An instructional model for chemistry? J. Chem. Educ.
1996, 73, 832.
2. Kogut, L. S. Using coopertaive learning to enhane performance in general chemistry; J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 724.
3. Pence, H. E. A report from the barricades of the multimedia revolution; J. Educ. Technol. Syst. 1995-96, 24(2), 159.
4. Steiner, R. Encouraging active student participation in the learning process; J. Chem. Educ. 1980, 57, 433.
5. Towns, M. H.; Grant, E. R. I believe I will go out of this class actually knowing something: Cooperative
learning activities in physical chemistry; J. Res. Sci. Teach., in press.
Cooperative Learning in Other Settings
1. Bowen, C. W.; Phelps, A. J. Demonstration-based cooperative testing in general chemistry: A broader
assessment-of-learning technique; J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 719.
2. Budny, D. Counselor tutorial program: A cooperative learning program for the high-risk freshman
engineering course; J. Freshman Year Experience 1994, 6(1), 29.
3. Burk, J. P.; Kurtz, M. J. Using cooperative learning techniques to train new teaching assistants;
J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 615.
4. Felder, R. M. It goes without saying; Chem. Eng. Educ. 1991, 25(3), 132.
5. Lockie, N. M.; Van Lanen, R. J. Supplemental instruction for college chemistry courses;
New Directions Teach. Learn. 1994, 60, 63.
6. Rayner-Canham, G. The group of three phenomenon: Does it work with computers? J. Chem. Educ. 1988, 65, 345.
7. Stout, R.; Towns, M. H.; Sauder, D.; Zielinski, T. J.; Long, G. Cooperative learning on-line;
The Chemical Educator, accepted for publication 1997.
8. Zumdahl, S. A. Mission impossible? Improving retention of science majors among minorities and women;
J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, A266.
Analysis (Evaluation) of Cooperative Learning
1. Dougherty, R. C.; Bowen, C. W.; Berger, T.; Rees, W.; Mellon, E. K.; Pulliam, E. Cooperative learning and attitudes
in general chemistry; J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 793.
2. Qin, Z.; Johnson, D. W.; Johnson, R. T. Cooperative versus competitive efforts and problem solving: A
meta-analysis; Rev. Educ. Res. 1995, 65(2), 129.
3. Slavin, R. E. Research on cooperative learning: Consensus and controversy; Educ. Leadership Dec. 89/Jan. 90,
47(4), 52.
4. Springer, L.; Stanne, M. E.; Donovan, S. Effects of Cooperative Learning on Undergraduates in Science,
Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology: A Meta-Analysis; National Institute for Science Education: University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 1997.
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