Hardness and polarizability are associated with easily discernible atomic shell structures across the periodic table. In a given period the noble gas atom is the hardest and the least polarizable, as expected from its exceptional stability vis-a-vis the principles of maximum hardness and minimum polarizability. The electrophilicity index also exhibits periodicity.
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Chattaraj, P. K.; Maiti, B. J. Chem. Educ.2001 78 811.
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