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  Home > JCE Print > Journal of Chemical Education > Issues > 1998  > May  >
Research: Science and Education
Experimental 4s and 3d Energies in Atomic Ground States
James L. Bills
Brigham Young University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Bension Science Building, P.O. Box 25700, Provo, UT 84602-5700
Cover
May 1998
Vol. 75 No. 5
p. 589
Abstract
Experimental ionization energies I4s and I3d are listed for K[Ar]4s1, K[Ar]3d1, and Ca to Cu in the lowest states of M[Ar]4s23dn and M[Ar]4s13dn+1. In a plot comparing -I4s(4s23dn) with -I3d(4s13dn+1), the lower one selects the ground state. Features of that plot are explained with a plot of the corresponding Hartree-Fock (HF) minus valence-exchange energies. A new definition is given for the effective charge Zf. HF orbital energies. A new definition is given for the effective charge Zf. HF orbital energies e4s and e3d are used in concert with I4s and I3d to answer four questions: Why does the 4s sublevel fill before 3d? Why is ionization easier for 4s than 3d? When 4s23dn has e3d < e4s, why doesn't 4s23dn -> 4s13dn+1? Why are Cr and Cu each 4s13dn+1 instead of 4s23dn?
More Information
*  Citation
 Bills, James L. J. Chem. Educ. 1998 75 589.
*  Keywords
 Introductory/High School Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Physical/Theoretical
*  History
 Created:
Last Updated:		 June 23, 1999
June 24, 2005
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