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  Home > JCE Print > Journal of Chemical Education > Issues > 1999  > October  >
Research: Science and Education
Spontaneity and the Equilibrium Constant: Advantages of the Planck Function
Robert M. Rosenberg and Irving M. Klotz
Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113
Cover
October 1999
Vol. 76 No. 10
p. 1448
Abstract
Many individuals have been perplexed by the seeming incompatibility in the different temperature dependencies of the equilibrium constant K for a chemical reaction and the degree of spontaneity of the same reaction as measured by the standard Gibbs function difference DG°. A related apparent inconsistency is that the temperature of a maximum or minimum in K does not correspond to the temperature of an extremum in DG° for the same reaction. These paradoxes vanish if we use the Planck function instead of the Gibbs function as our criterion of spontaneity. Furthermore, the Planck function provides a more direct connection to the combined first and second laws of thermodynamics.
More Information
*  Citation
 Rosenberg, Robert M.; Klotz, Irving M. J. Chem. Educ. 1999 76 1448.
*  Keywords
 Physical Chemistry; Equilibrium; Thermodynamics
*  History
 Created:
Last Updated:		 September 6, 1999
June 23, 2005
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