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  Home > JCE Print > Journal of Chemical Education > Issues > 2000  > June  >
In the Classroom
A Closer Look at Phase Diagrams for the General Chemistry Course
Stephen A. Gramsch
Geophysical Laboratory and Center for High Pressure Research, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015-1305

Cover
June 2000
Vol. 77 No. 6
p. 718

Abstract
Recent research in the area of high-pressure geophysics has led to the discovery of extremely rich phase behavior in many important chemical systems at elevated pressures and temperatures and has yielded new insights into the electronic factors that govern interactions between atoms in all phases of matter. Consequently, the information provided by the high-pressure phase diagrams of some simple systems can provide a useful extension to the traditional discussion of phase diagrams in the general chemistry course. At the same time, it can prepare students for a more illuminating presentation of the concept of equilibrium than is possible through the discussion of gas phase, acid-base, and solubility product equilibria alone. The high-pressure phase diagrams of CO2, H2O, H2, and Fe all contain interesting and unexpected features that can be utilized to clarify and amplify the discussion of phase behavior and help to illustrate the surprising effects of pressure on chemical systems.
Supplement

Polymerization of simple molecules into extended structures with unexpected features is possible at high pressure, where intramolecular bonding and intermolecular contacts can become indistinguishable. Color images of the structures of water and carbon dioxide at high pressure are available in this issue of JCE Online. In the case of water, a face-centered cubic array of oxygen atoms forms the basis of the proposed "symmetric ice" H2O-X, a polymorph of solid H2O in which the hydrogen bonds are the same length as the covalent O-H bonds. For carbon dioxide, the helical arrangement of CO4 tetrahedra is the dominant structural motif of quartzlike carbon dioxide, proposed as a new high temperature, high pressure phase of CO2.

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More Information
*  Citation
Gramsch, Stephen A. J. Chem. Educ. 2000 77 718.
*  Keywords
General Chemistry; Curriculum; Thermodynamics; Equilibrium; Phase Transitions / Diagrams
*  History
Created:
Last Updated:
April 25, 2000
August 31, 2005
  Home > JCE Print > Journal of Chemical Education > Issues > 2000  > June  > Page 718


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