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  Home > JCE Print > Journal of Chemical Education > Issues > 2001  > February  >
Research: Science and Education
The General Form of the Gibbs-Duhem Equation for Multiphase/Multicomponent Systems and Its Application to Solid-State Activity Measurements
Mark Sacchetti
Research and Development, Glaxo Wellcome Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Cover
February 2001
Vol. 78 No. 2
p. 260
Abstract
The general form of the Gibbs-Duhem equation is derived for multiphase/multicomponent thermodynamic systems. The result illustrates that the form of the equation is invariant with respect to the number of phases present in the material. Therefore, calculation of activities or activity coefficients is possible using the same form of equation as has been applied to single-phase systems. The general form of the equation is applied to two organic solids, crystalline albuterol sulfate and amorphous poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Physical chemistry instructors may find the derivation of the general form of the Gibbs-Duhem equation and its application to pharmaceutical materials a useful exercise for students.
More Information
*  Citation
 Sacchetti, Mark. J. Chem. Educ. 2001 78 260.
*  Keywords
 Drugs / Pharmaceuticals; Equilibrium; Physical Chemistry; Solid-State Chemistry; Thermodynamics
*  History
 Created:
Last Updated:		 December 22, 2000
August 31, 2005
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