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Principal Species and pH in Acid–Base Solutions is a Web page that allows
you to determine the concentrations of the principal species in a variety of solutions
or mixtures of solutions. Just select the solutions to mix from the drop-down
lists and then click on the “mix” button. Alternatively, you can “virtually
titrate” the first solution into the second by clicking the “start/stop
titration” button. The “design solutions…” provides finer
control over the volume and concentration of a solution than is available via
the drop-down lists.
The program supports two methods of calculation: first-year method and mass/charge
balance. The approximations used in first-year methods can lead to significant
errors when working with fairly “strong” weak acids, such as HSO4–.
In such cases, the mass/charge balance method is recommended. This method involves
finding the pH at which mass (mmol) and charge are both balanced.
Principal Species and pH in Acid–Base Solutions has a database of 14
weak acids and their conjugate bases and four buffer solutions. Weak acids can
be temporarily added to the database by clicking the “new acid…”
These additions remain in the database only during the current session and do
not persist in future sessions of the program.
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