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  Home > JCE Print > Journal of Chemical Education > Issues > 2002  > September  >
In the Classroom
Tested Demonstrations
A Three-Dimensional Model for Water
submitted by: J. L. H. Johnson and S. H. Yalkowsky
Department of Pharmaceutical Practice and Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721

checked by: Ed Vitz
Department of Chemistry, Kutztown University, Kutztown, PA 19530

Cover
September 2002
Vol. 79 No. 9
p. 1088
Abstract
A three-dimensional model of the water molecule was developed for the purpose of simulating some of the properties of water and ice. Four cylindrical dipole magnets were inserted and secured into small spheres at angles of 109.5° from each other. The north poles of the magnets represent the hydrogen atoms and the south poles represent the lone electron pairs of oxygen. The models can be used to demonstrate some of the properties of water, such as the formation of the ice lattice, melting under pressure, the squeezing out of nonpolar molecules in mixtures, and the flickering clusters proposed by Frank and Wen in 1957. These self-assembling models (SAMs) can be used for classroom demonstrations, which will enable students to visualize and appreciate the unique attributes of water.

See Letter re: this article.
More Information
*  Citation
 Johnson, J. L. H.; Yalkowsky, S. H. J. Chem. Educ. 2002 79 1088.
*  Keywords
 Aqueous Solution Chemistry; Bonding Theory; Demonstrations; Lipids; Liquids; Solutions / Solvents; Water / Water Chemistry; Teaching / Learning Aids; Introductory / High School Chemistry; Phase Transitions / Diagrams
*  History
 Created:
Last Updated:		 August 12, 2002
March 16, 2005
Link to Letter added (April 2004).
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