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Volume 5 Main Menu"textArray[1] = "Combustion Reactions"textArray[2] = "Combustion of Hexane"textArray[3] = "Combustion of Hexane with Limited Oxygen"textArray[4] = "Water Added to Burning Hexane"textArray[5] = "Exploding Soap Bubbles: Hydrogen + Oxygen"textArray[6] = "Hydrogen Alone"textArray[7] = "Hydrogen Plus Some Oxygen"textArray[8] = "Hydrogen Plus More Oxygen"textArray[9] = "Hydrogen Alone (no voice-over)"textArray[10] = "Hydrogen Plus Some Oxygen (no voice-over)"textArray[11] = "Hydrogen Plus More Oxygen (no voice-over)"textArray[12] = "Combustion of Methane"textArray[13] = "Combustion of Methane in Balloons"textArray[14] = "Combustion of Methane in a Bunsen Burner"textArray[15] = "Combustion of Methane in Chlorine"textArray[16] = "Alkanes and Cycloalkanes"textArray[17] = "Alkanes in Motion"textArray[18] = "Vibration of Octadecane Molecules"textArray[19] = "Translation of Octadecane Molecules"textArray[20] = "Vibration of Propane Molecules"textArray[21] = "Translation of Propane Molecules"textArray[22] = "Vibration of Hexane Molecules"textArray[23] = "Translation of Hexane Molecules"textArray[24] = "Vibration of Nonane Molecules at 600 K"textArray[25] = "Translation of Nonane Molecules at 600 K"textArray[26] = "Vibration of Nonane Molecules at 1200 K"textArray[27] = "Translation of Nonane Molecules at 1200 K"textArray[28] = "Structures and Conformations"textArray[29] = "Molecular Models of Methane"textArray[30] = "Ethane"textArray[31] = "Butane"textArray[32] = "Cyclopropane"textArray[33] = "Cyclobutane"textArray[34] = "Cyclopentane"textArray[35] = "Cyclohexane: Chair and Boat Conformations"textArray[36] = "Cyclohexane: Tracing the Chair Conformation"textArray[37] = "Structure-Property Relations for Alkanes and Alcohols"textArray[38] = "Relation of Miscibility to Chain Length of Organic Alcohols"textArray[39] = "Relation of Structure to Boiling Point of Alkanes"textArray[40] = "Boiling Points of Straight-Chain Alkanes"textArray[41] = "All Six as a Single Movie"textArray[42] = "Boiling Point of Pentane"textArray[43] = "Boiling Point of Hexane"textArray[44] = "Boiling Point of Heptane"textArray[45] = "Boiling Point of Octane"textArray[46] = "Boiling Point of Nonane"textArray[47] = "Boiling Point of Decane"textArray[48] = "Models of Straight-Chain Alkanes"textArray[49] = "Boiling Points of Hexane Isomers"textArray[50] = "All Five as a Single Movie"textArray[51] = "Boiling Point of Hexane"textArray[52] = "Boiling Point of 3-Methylpentane"textArray[53] = "Boiling Point of 2-Methylpentane"textArray[54] = "Boiling Point of 2,3-Dimethylbutane"textArray[55] = "Boiling Point of 2,2-Dimethylbutane"textArray[56] = "Models of Hexane Isomers"textArray[57] = "Vapor Pressure"textArray[58] = "Making Barometers"textArray[59] = "Vapor Pressure: Water and Ethanol"textArray[60] = "Vapor Pressure: H-Bonding vs. Dipole-Dipole Attraction"textArray[61] = "Vapor Pressure: Molecular Polarity"textArray[62] = "Vapor Pressure: Molecular Size"textArray[63] = "Pentane, Hexane and Heptane"textArray[64] = "Methanol and Ethanol"textArray[65] = "Viscosity of Liquids"textArray[66] = "Qualitative Test"textArray[67] = "Measuring Relative Viscosity"textArray[68] = "Introduction"textArray[69] = "Water"textArray[70] = "Hexane"textArray[71] = "Octane"textArray[72] = "2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane)"textArray[73] = "1-Pentanol"textArray[74] = "Bromination of Hydrocarbons"textArray[75] = "Bromination of Pentene"textArray[76] = "Light Initiated Bromination of Pentane"textArray[77] = "Bromination of Hexane Isomers"textArray[78] = "Bromination of Alkyl Benzenes"textArray[79] = "Oxidation of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alcohols"textArray[80] = "Permanganate Oxidation of Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, and Cyclohexanol"textArray[81] = "Chromic Acid Oxidation of Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, and Cyclohexanol"textArray[82] = "Addition Reactions of Alkenes"textArray[83] = "Diels-Alder Visualization"textArray[84] = "Diels-Alder Visualization - Part 1 of 3"textArray[85] = "Diels-Alder Visualization - Part 2 of 3"textArray[86] = "Diels-Alder Visualization - Part 3 of 3"textArray[87] = "Addition of Iodine to Alpha-Pinene (Version 2)"textArray[88] = "Historical Note"textArray[89] = "Molecular Models of Ethylene"textArray[90] = "Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene and TCNE"textArray[91] = "Addition of Oxygen to Tetrakis(N,N-dimethylamino) Ethylene"textArray[92] = "Addition of Iodine to Alpha-Pinene (Version 1)"textArray[93] = "Acetylene"textArray[94] = "Carbide Lamp"textArray[95] = "Reaction of Chlorine with Acetylene (Version 2)"textArray[96] = "Preparation and Combustion of Acetylene"textArray[97] = "Reaction of Chlorine with Acetylene (Version 1)"textArray[98] = "Molecular Model of Acetylene"textArray[99] = "Aromatic Compounds"textArray[100] = "Molecular Model of Benzene"textArray[101] = "Reaction of Bromine with Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, and Benzene"textArray[102] = "Reaction of Bromine with Benzene, Phenol, and Toluene"textArray[103] = "Electron Density of Aromatic Rings - Effect of Substituents"textArray[104] = "Electron Density of Aromatic Rings - Effect of Methyl Groups"textArray[105] = "Chlorination of Methyl Benzenes"textArray[106] = "Chirality"textArray[107] = "Entropy-driven Stereoselectivity"textArray[108] = "Chiral and Achiral Objects"textArray[109] = "Snail Shell (Chiral)"textArray[110] = "Pencil (Achiral)"textArray[111] = "Glove (Chiral)"textArray[112] = "Hand (Chiral)"textArray[113] = "Carbon Atom with 4 Different Substituents (Chiral)"textArray[114] = "Carbon Atom with 3 Different Substituents (Achiral)"textArray[115] = "Polarized Light and Organic Molecules"textArray[116] = "Polarized Light and Organic Molecules - Polarizing Filters"textArray[117] = "Polarized Light and Organic Molecules - Carvone Isomers"textArray[118] = "Polarized Light and Organic Molecules - Sucrose"textArray[119] = "Optical Rotatory Dispersion: Polarized Light and Sucrose Solution in a Tall Cylinder"textArray[120] = "Polarimeter"textArray[121] = "Polarized Light and Organic Molecules: Everyday Objects"textArray[122] = "Liquid Crystal Display of a Calculator"textArray[123] = "Plastic Template"textArray[124] = "Calcite Crystal"textArray[125] = "Plastic Cup"textArray[126] = "Plastic Box"textArray[127] = "Cellophane Film"textArray[128] = "R- and S- Configurations"textArray[129] = "Glyceraldehyde and the Fischer Projection"textArray[130] = "Glyceraldehyde and the Fischer Projection: Chirality"textArray[131] = "Glyceraldehyde and the Fischer Projection: Drawing the Fischer Projection"textArray[132] = "Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions"textArray[133] = "Hydrolysis of tert-Butyl Chloride"textArray[134] = "Secondary versus Tertiary Halides"textArray[135] = "Effects of Leaving Group"textArray[136] = "Reaction of Sodium Iodide with Bromobutane Isomers"textArray[137] = "Solvolysis of Bromobutane Isomers"textArray[138] = "Reaction of Silver Nitrate with Bromobutane Isomers"textArray[139] = "Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution - SN1"textArray[140] = "Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution - SN2"textArray[141] = "Alcohols"textArray[142] = "Constructing a Baster Ball Cannon"textArray[143] = "Ethanol Cannon"textArray[144] = "Oxidation of Glycerin with Solid Potassium Permanganate (Version 2)"textArray[145] = "Oxidation of Alcohols with Chromic Acid"textArray[146] = "Oxidation of Glycerin with Solid Potassium Permanganate (Version 1)"textArray[147] = "Lucas Test for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols"textArray[148] = "Aldehydes and Ketones"textArray[149] = "Ketene Generator"textArray[150] = "Addition of Bisulfite to Cyclohexanone"textArray[151] = "2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test for Carbonyl Compounds"textArray[152] = "Iodoform Test for Methyl Ketones"textArray[153] = "Silver Mirror - Tollens Test for Aldehydes"textArray[154] = "Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid"textArray[155] = "Aldol Condensation Reactions"textArray[156] = "Aldol Condensation Reaction - Salicylaldehyde"textArray[157] = "Aldol Condensation Reaction - Vanillin"textArray[158] = "Aldol Condensation Reaction - Cinnamaldehyde"textArray[159] = "Phenols and Quinones"textArray[160] = "Ferric Chloride Test for Phenols"textArray[161] = "Nitration of Acetaminophen"textArray[162] = "Extraction of Dichloroindophenol"textArray[163] = "Oxidation of Phenols with Sodium Periodate"textArray[164] = "Nucleophilic Addition to Quinones"textArray[165] = "Purple Benzene"textArray[166] = "Crown Ether Catalyzed Oxidation of 2,6-Di-tert-butylhydroquinone"textArray[167] = "Decolorization of Crystal Violet"textArray[168] = "Chameleon Emulsion"textArray[169] = "Amines and Aniline"textArray[170] = "Luminol"textArray[171] = "Light Sticks"textArray[172] = "pH of Aqueous Ammonia, Cyclohexylamine, and Aniline"textArray[173] = "Iodination of Aniline"textArray[174] = "Oxidation of Aniline with Benzoyl Peroxide"textArray[175] = "Diazotization of Aniline Derivatives: Nitrous Acid Test"textArray[176] = "Diazotization of Aniline Derivatives: Diazo Coupling"textArray[177] = "Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives"textArray[178] = "Soap Emulsifies Hydrocarbons"textArray[179] = "Conductivity of Carboxylic Acids"textArray[180] = "Acetic Acid"textArray[181] = "Neutralization"textArray[182] = "Strong and Weak Acids"textArray[183] = "pH of Acetic Acid Derivatives"textArray[184] = "pH of Strong and Weak Acids"textArray[185] = "pH of Acetic Acid, Monochloro-, Dichloro-, Trichloro-, and Trifluoroacetic Acids"textArray[186] = "pH of Oxalic and Malonic Acids"textArray[187] = "Hydrophobic Effect"textArray[188] = "With Lycopodium Powder"textArray[189] = "With NaOH"textArray[190] = "Polymers"textArray[191] = "Forming Solid Latex"textArray[192] = "Nylon Rope (Version 2)"textArray[193] = "Cleaning Oil Spills"textArray[194] = "Polyurethane Foam"textArray[195] = "Constructing a Rod Climbing Apparatus"textArray[196] = "Slime"textArray[197] = "Solid Foams"textArray[198] = "Superabsorbent Polymer"textArray[199] = "Formaldehyde Copolymers"textArray[200] = "Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin"textArray[201] = "Urea-Formaldehyde Resin"textArray[202] = "Aniline-Formaldehyde Resin"textArray[203] = "Nylon Rope (Version 1)"textArray[204] = "High and Low Density Polyethylene"textArray[205] = "Combustion of Polyethylene and Polystyrene"textArray[206] = "Beilstein Test for Poly(vinyl chloride)"textArray[207] = "Polyurethane Foam in Micro Gravity"textArray[208] = "Formation of Polyurethane Foam in Micro Gravity"textArray[209] = "NASA Reduced Gravity Airplane"textArray[210] = "Thin Layer Chromatography of Dyes"textArray[211] = "Carbohydrates"textArray[212] = "Destructive Distillation of Wood"textArray[213] = "Fehling's Test for Reducing Sugars"textArray[214] = "Sucrose Dehydration gives Sulfur Dioxide"textArray[215] = "With a Rose Petal"textArray[216] = "With Permanganate"textArray[217] = "Combustion of Nitrocellulose (Guncotton)"textArray[218] = "Dehydration of Sucrose with Sulfuric Acid"textArray[219] = "Benedict's Test for Reducing Sugars"textArray[220] = "Benedict's Test for Glucose"textArray[221] = "Benedict's Test for Sucrose"textArray[222] = "Benedict's Test for Fructose"textArray[223] = "Clinitest Tablet is Added to Glucose"textArray[224] = "Clinistrip Test of Glucose is Demonstrated"textArray[225] = "Osazone Formation"textArray[226] = "Oxidation of Sucrose with Potassium Chlorate"textArray[227] = "Nature of Proteins"textArray[228] = "Binding Protein to Coomassie Blue"textArray[229] = "Denaturing Proteins"textArray[230] = "Acid Denatures Proteins"textArray[231] = "Lead Denatures Proteins"textArray[232] = "Heating Denatures Proteins"textArray[233] = "Dyeing Wool and Cotton"textArray[234] = "Gel Filtration Column"textArray[235] = "Hydrolysis of Protein in Strong Base"textArray[236] = "Hydrolysis of Hair in Strong Base"textArray[237] = "Hydrolysis of Wool in Strong Base"textArray[238] = "Reaction of Ninhydrin with Amino Acids"textArray[239] = "Precipitating Protein with Ammonium Sulfate"textArray[240] = "Effect of pH on the solubility of Casein"textArray[241] = "Protein Reactions"textArray[242] = "Halting the Briggs-Rauscher Oscillating Reaction"textArray[243] = "Briggs-Rauscher With Stirring"textArray[244] = "Briggs-Rauscher Without Stirring"textArray[245] = "Briggs-Rauscher Monitored with Electrodes"textArray[246] = "Halting the Briggs-Rauscher Reaction"textArray[247] = "Curdling Milk"textArray[248] = "Factors Affecting Glucose Oxidase Activity"textArray[249] = "Different Amounts of Substrate"textArray[250] = "Different Amounts of Enzyme"textArray[251] = "Different Substrates"textArray[252] = "Different Temperatures"textArray[253] = "HIV-1 Protease: An Enzyme at Work"textArray[254] = "HIV-1 Protease: Introduction"textArray[255] = "HIV-1 Protease Monomers"textArray[256] = "HIV-1 Protease: Types of Models"textArray[257] = "HIV-1 Protease: Cutting the Pre-protein - Inhibiting This Cutting"textArray[258] = "HIV-1 Protease: An Inhibitor as Possible Treatment for AIDS"textArray[259] = "Hydrolyzing Sucrose with Invertase"textArray[260] = "Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase"textArray[261] = "Precipitating DNA"textArray[262] = "Bromination of Pentene (Quiz Version)"textArray[263] = "Chemistry: The Central Science, 8th Ed."textArray[264] = "Fundamentals of Chemistry, 3rd Ed."textArray[265] = "Chemistry, 6th Ed."textArray[266] = "General Chemistry, 6th Ed."textArray[267] = "Atoms, Molecules, and Reactions: An Introduction to Chemistry, 1st Ed."textArray[268] = "Chemistry for Changing Times, 8th Ed."textArray[269] = "General Chemistry, 2nd Ed."textArray[270] = "World of Chemistry, 2nd Ed."textArray[271] = "Chemistry &amp; Chemical Reactivity, 4th Ed."textArray[272] = "Chemistry: Principles and Reactions, 3rd 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Volume 5 Main Menu$$"searchArray[1] = "$combustion, gases$Combustion Reactions$Combustion reactions of methane, hydrogen, hexane, and natural gas in chlorine are demonstrated.$"searchArray[2] = "$combustion, gases$Combustion of Hexane$Combustion of hexane with limited oxygen and addition of water to burning hexane are demonstrated.$"searchArray[3] = "$hydrocarbon, combustion, limiting reagent$Combustion of Hexane with Limited Oxygen$$Hexane is ignited and the vial is covered with a beaker.$"searchArray[4] = "$hydrocarbon, combustion, limiting reagent$Water Added to Burning Hexane$Water is added to burning hexane in an attempt to extinguish the flame.$"searchArray[5] = "$hydrogen, oxygen, combustion, stoichiometry$Exploding Soap Bubbles: Hydrogen + Oxygen$Explosions of bubbles filled with only hydrogen and with varying amounts of hydrogen and oxygen are demonstrated.$"searchArray[6] = "$hydrogen, oxygen, combustion, stoichiometry$Hydrogen Alone$Hydrogen-filled soap bubbles are ignited producing small explosions.$"searchArray[7] = "$hydrogen, oxygen, combustion, stoichiometry$Hydrogen Plus Some Oxygen$Hydrogen plus some oxygen produces louder explosions.$"searchArray[8] = "$hydrogen, oxygen, combustion, stoichiometry$Hydrogen Plus More Oxygen$Hydrogen plus more oxygen produces even louder explosions.$"searchArray[9] = "$hydrogen, oxygen, combustion, stoichiometry$Hydrogen Alone (no voice-over)$Hydrogen-filled soap bubbles are ignited producing small explosions (no voiceover, just sound of explosions).$"searchArray[10] = "$hydrogen, oxygen, combustion, stoichiometry$Hydrogen Plus Some Oxygen (no voice-over)$Hydrogen plus some oxygen produces louder explosions (no voiceover, just sound of explosions).$"searchArray[11] = "$hydrogen, oxygen, combustion, stoichiometry$Hydrogen Plus More Oxygen (no voice-over)$Hydrogen plus more oxygen produces even louder explosions (no voiceover, just sound of explosions).$"searchArray[12] = "$combustion, gases$Combustion of Methane$Methane combustion in balloons, a Bunsen burner flame, and methane combustion in chlorine are demonstrated.$"searchArray[13] = "$alkane, combustion, stoichiometry$Combustion of Methane in Balloons$Balloons filled with only methane and filled with a mixture of methane and oxygen are ignited.$"searchArray[14] = "$alkane, combustion, stoichiometry, fire/flammability$Combustion of Methane in a Bunsen Burner$A Bunsen burner is lit and the flame is examined. The hottest part of the flame is located.$"searchArray[15] = "$carbon, descriptive chemistry, enthalpy/heat, evidence of chemical reaction, exothermic process, fire/flammability, halogens/halides/hydrohalic acids, organic - hydrocarbons, redox reaction$Combustion of Methane in Chlorine$A natural gas flame is lowered into a container of chlorine gas.$"searchArray[16] = "$organic chemistry$Alkanes and Cycloalkanes$The structures and conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes and the vibrational, rotational, and translational motion of alkanes in the gas phase are demonstrated.$"searchArray[17] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Alkanes in Motion$Animations of gas-phase hydrocarbon systems show the motion of molecules.$"searchArray[18] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Vibration of Octadecane Molecules$Vibration and rotation of octadecane molecules in the gas phase at 600 K are shown.$"searchArray[19] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Translation of Octadecane Molecules$Translation, vibration and rotation of octadecane molecules in the gas phase at 600 K, in addition to their vibration and rotation$"searchArray[20] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Vibration of Propane Molecules$Vibration and rotation of propane molecules in the gas phase at 600 K are shown.$"searchArray[21] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Translation of Propane Molecules$Translation, vibration and rotation of propane molecules in the gas phase at 600 K are shown.$"searchArray[22] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Vibration of Hexane Molecules$Vibration and rotation of hexane molecules in the gas phase at 600 K are shown.$"searchArray[23] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Translation of Hexane Molecules$Translation, vibration and rotation of hexane molecules in the gas phase at 600 K are shown.$"searchArray[24] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Vibration of Nonane Molecules at 600 K$Vibration and rotation of nonane molecules in the gas phase at 600 K are shown.$"searchArray[25] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Translation of Nonane Molecules at 600 K$Translation, vibration and rotation of nonane molecules in the gas phase at 600 K are shown.$"searchArray[26] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Vibration of Nonane Molecules at 1200 K$Vibration and rotation of nonane molecules in the gas phase at 1200 K are shown.$"searchArray[27] = "$molecular motion, molecular vibration, molecular modeling / dynamics$Translation of Nonane Molecules at 1200 K$Translation, vibration and rotation of nonane molecules in the gas phase at 1200 K are shown.$"searchArray[28] = "$$Structures and Conformations$Molecular models are used to demonstrate the conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes.$"searchArray[29] = "$alkane, stereochemistry, molecular modeling, conformation$Molecular Models of Methane$A molecular model of methane is shown and its shadow is used to draw its structure on paper.$"searchArray[30] = "$alkane, conformation, stereochemistry, molecular modeling$Ethane$Free rotation about carbon-carbon single bonds and the origin of the Newman projection are illustrated.$"searchArray[31] = "$alkane, conformation, stereochemistry, molecular modeling$Butane$Free rotation about carbon-carbon single bonds and the Newman projection of anti- and gauche- butane conformations are illustrated.$"searchArray[32] = "$conformation, cycloalkane, stereochemistry, molecular modeling$Cyclopropane$A model of cyclopropane is shown.$"searchArray[33] = "$conformation, cycloalkane, stereochemistry, molecular modeling$Cyclobutane$A model of cyclobutane is shown.$"searchArray[34] = "$conformation, cycloalkane, stereochemistry, molecular modeling$Cyclopentane$A model of cyclopentane is shown.$"searchArray[35] = "$conformation, cycloalkane, stereochemistry, molecular modeling$Cyclohexane: Chair and Boat Conformations$Chair and boat conformations of cyclohexane are demonstrated.$"searchArray[36] = "$conformation, cycloalkane, stereochemistry, molecular modeling$Cyclohexane: Tracing the Chair Conformation$The shadow of the molecular model is traced to show how the cyclohexane chair structure can be drawn on paper.$"searchArray[37] = "$organic chemistry$Structure-Property Relations for Alkanes and Alcohols$Boiling points of alkanes, miscibility of alcohols, and the vapor pressure and viscosity of several organic compounds are demonstrated.$"searchArray[38] = "$hydrophobic, hydrophilic, alcohol, miscible$Relation of Miscibility to Chain Length of Organic Alcohols$Water is added to ethanol, butanol, and hexanol. Differences in miscibility are demonstrated.$"searchArray[39] = "$$Relation of Structure to Boiling Point of Alkanes$The boiling point of straight-chain alkanes and isomers of hexane are determined and molecular models of the hydrocarbons are shown.$"searchArray[40] = "$alkane, physical properties, stereochemistry, boiling point, intermolecular forces$Boiling Points of Straight-Chain Alkanes$The boiling points of straight-chain alkanes with 5-10 carbon atoms are determined.$"searchArray[41] = "$alkane, physical properties, stereochemistry, boiling point, intermolecular forces$All Six as a Single Movie$Straight-chain alkanes in the homologous series from pentane to decane are refluxed at atmospheric pressure and the boiling point determined.$"searchArray[42] = "$alkane, physical properties, stereochemistry, boiling point, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of Pentane$Pentane$is refluxed at atmospheric pressure and the boiling point determined.$"searchArray[43] = "$alkane, physical properties, stereochemistry, boiling point, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of Hexane$Hexane$is refluxed at atmospheric pressure and the boiling point determined.$"searchArray[44] = "$alkane, physical properties, stereochemistry, boiling point, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of Heptane$Heptane$is refluxed at atmospheric pressure and the boiling point determined.$"searchArray[45] = "$alkane, physical properties, stereochemistry, boiling point, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of Octane$Octane$is refluxed at atmospheric pressure and the boiling point determined.$"searchArray[46] = "$alkane, physical properties, stereochemistry, boiling point, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of Nonane$Nonane$is refluxed at atmospheric pressure and the boiling point determined.$"searchArray[47] = "$alkane, physical properties, stereochemistry, boiling point, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of Decane$Decane$is refluxed at atmospheric pressure and the boiling point determined.$"searchArray[48] = "$alkane, molecular modeling$Models of Straight-Chain Alkanes$Molecular models of straight-chain alkanes with 5-10 carbon atoms are shown.$"searchArray[49] = "$alkane, boiling point, isomer, intermolecular forces$Boiling Points of Hexane Isomers$The boiling points of the five isomers of hexane are determined.$"searchArray[50] = "$alkane, boiling point, isomer, intermolecular forces$All Five as a Single Movie$The boiling points of the isomers of hexane are determined.$"searchArray[51] = "$alkane, boiling point, isomer, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of Hexane$The boiling point of hexane is determined.$"searchArray[52] = "$alkane, boiling point, isomer, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of 3-Methylpentane$The boiling point of 3-Methylpentane is determined.$"searchArray[53] = "$alkane, boiling point, isomer, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of 2-Methylpentane$The boiling point of 2-Methylpentane is determined.$"searchArray[54] = "$alkane, boiling point, isomer, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of 2,3-Dimethylbutane$The boiling point of 2,3-Dimethylbutane is determined.$"searchArray[55] = "$alkane, boiling point, isomer, intermolecular forces$Boiling Point of 2,2-Dimethylbutane$The boiling point of 2,2-Dimethylbutane is determined.$"searchArray[56] = "$alkane, molecular modeling$Models of Hexane Isomers$Molecular models of isomers of hexane are shown.$"searchArray[57] = "$vapor pressure, phase changes, physical properties, intermolecular forces$Vapor Pressure$Pressure exerted by vapor of several organic substances is demonstrated using barometers. Molecular models of the substances are shown.$"searchArray[58] = "$vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure, barometer, intermolecular forces, hydrogen bond, gases and liquids, organic, phase changes, physical properties$Making Barometers$Mercury barometers are constructed so that they can be used to determine and compare vapor pressures of liquids. The barometers read 736 mmHg.$"searchArray[59] = "$vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure, barometer, intermolecular forces, hydrogen bond, gases and liquids, organic, phase changes, physical properties$Vapor Pressure: Water and Ethanol$Barometers are shown that read 736 mmHg. Water is injected into one and ethanol is injected into the other, and the vapor pressure of each liquid is determined. Molecular models of water and ethanol are shown and hydrogen bonding is illustrated for each molecule.$"searchArray[60] = "$vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure, barometer, intermolecular forces, hydrogen bond, gases and liquids, organic, phase changes, physical properties, polar molecules$Vapor Pressure: H-Bonding vs. Dipole-Dipole Attraction$Molecular models of butanol and diethyl ether are shown and compared. Butanol and diethyl ether are injected into separate barometers and their vapor pressures are measured.$"searchArray[61] = "$vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure, barometer, intermolecular forces, polarity, gases and liquids, organic, phase changes, physical properties, polar molecules$Vapor Pressure: Molecular Polarity$Chloromethane and dichloromethane are injected into separate barometers and their vapor pressures are measured. Molecular models of chloromethane and dichloromethane are shown.$"searchArray[62] = "$vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure, barometer, intermolecular forces, gases and liquids, organic, phase changes, physical properties$Vapor Pressure: Molecular Size$The vapor pressures of pentane, hexane, and heptane are compared. $The vapor pressures of methanol and ethanol are compared. Molecular models of the compounds are shown. $"searchArray[63] = "$vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure, barometer, intermolecular forces, gases and liquids, organic, phase changes, physical properties$Pentane, Hexane and Heptane$Pentane, hexane and heptane are injected into separate barometers and their vapor pressures are measured. Molecular models of pentane, hexane and heptane are shown.$"searchArray[64] = "$vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure, barometer, intermolecular forces, gases and liquids, organic, phase changes, physical properties$Methanol and Ethanol$Methanol and ethanol are injected into separate barometers and their vapor pressures are measured. Molecular models of methanol and ethanol are shown.$"searchArray[65] = "$intermolecular forces, polarity, polar molecules, physical properties, gases and liquids, bonding, solids, liquids, organic$Viscosity of Liquids$The viscosities of water, 2-propanol (rubbing alcohol),$ethylene glycol (antifreeze) and vegetable oil are compared.$The viscosities of water, hexane, octane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and 1-pentanol are measured.$"searchArray[66] = "$intermolecular forces, polarity, polar molecules, physical properties, gases and liquids, bonding, solids, liquids, organic$Qualitative Test$The viscosities of water, 2-propanol (rubbing alcohol),$ethylene glycol (antifreeze) and vegetable oil are compared.$"searchArray[67] = "$intermolecular forces, polarity, polar molecules, physical properties, gases and liquids, bonding, solids, liquids, organic$Measuring Relative Viscosity$The rate of flow of six different liquids through a Mohr pipet is measured.$"searchArray[68] = "$$Introduction$This shows how the liquid flow and timer were started and provides an introductory discussion.$"searchArray[69] = "$$Water$The rate of flow of water is measured.$"searchArray[70] = "$$Hexane$The rate of flow of hexane is measured.$"searchArray[71] = "$$Octane$The rate of flow of octane is measured.$"searchArray[72] = "$$2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane)$The rate of flow of 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane is measured.$"searchArray[73] = "$$1-Pentanol$The rate of flow of 1-Pentanol is measured.$"searchArray[74] = "$organic chemistry$Bromination of Hydrocarbons$The light initiated bromination of pentane, hexane isomers, alkyl benzenes and a comparison of bromination of pentane and pentene are demonstrated.$"searchArray[75] = "$halogenation, alkene, bromine, addition reaction$Bromination of Pentene$Bromine is added to pentane and pentene. In the absence of intense light, only pentene reacts.$"searchArray[76] = "$alkane, free radicals, halogenation, substitution reaction, bromine$Light Initiated Bromination of Pentane$Bromine is added to two test tubes of pentane. One tube is exposed to intense light, which initiates bromination.$"searchArray[77] = "$alkane, free radicals, halogenation, substitution reaction, bromine$Bromination of Hexane Isomers$Bromination of 2,3-dimethylbutane and 2,2-dimethylbutane is demonstrated and the reaction rates are compared.$"searchArray[78] = "$alkane, free radicals, halogenation, substitution reaction, bromine, aromatic$Bromination of Alkyl Benzenes$Bromine is added to benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and cumene and the reaction rates are compared.$"searchArray[79] = "$organic chemistry$Oxidation of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alcohols$Oxidation of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclohexanol by permanganate and chromic acid are demonstrated.$"searchArray[80] = "$alkane, alkene, alcohol, oxidation, stereochemistry, cycloalkane$Permanganate Oxidation of Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, and Cyclohexanol$Cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclohexanol are added to potassium permanganate solution.$"searchArray[81] = "$alkane, alkene, alcohol, oxidation, stereochemistry, cycloalkane$Chromic Acid Oxidation of Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, and Cyclohexanol$Cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclohexanol are added to acidic chromate.$"searchArray[82] = "$organic chemistry$Addition Reactions of Alkenes$The Diels-Alder reaction, addition of oxygen to tetrakis(N, N-dimethylamino) ethylene, and addition of iodine to <FONT FACE= Symbol >&#97;</FONT>-pinene are demonstrated. $Molecular models of ethene are shown.$"searchArray[83] = "$addition reaction, alkene, Diels-Alder reaction$Diels-Alder Visualization$Several computer animations of a Diels-Alder reaction that were created as an undergraduate student project are presented.$"searchArray[84] = "$addition reaction, alkene, Diels-Alder reaction$Diels-Alder Visualization - Part 1 of 3$An introduction to the reaction of butadiene with ethylene to product cyclohexene is presented with examples of how electron bonds may be visualized.$"searchArray[85] = "$addition reaction, alkene, Diels-Alder reaction$Diels-Alder Visualization - Part 2 of 3$Animations showing ways in which the shifting bonds in the Diels-Alder reaction can be visualized are presented.$"searchArray[86] = "$addition reaction, alkene, Diels-Alder reaction$Diels-Alder Visualization - Part 3 of 3$An animation of hybrid orbitals changing shape is presented as a simpler way to visualize the reaction.$"searchArray[87] = "$descriptive chemistry, alkene, iodine, alpha-pinene, thermodynamics, organic, bonding, real life/environment, ring strain, addition reaction$Addition of Iodine to Alpha-Pinene (Version 2)$Iodine is mixed with cyclohexene and <FONT FACE= Symbol >&#97;</FONT>-pinene and the results are compared.$"searchArray[88] = "$$Historical Note$This is a simulation of how the reaction of iodine with <FONT FACE= Symbol >&#97;</FONT>-pinene was used as a form of antisepsis.$"searchArray[89] = "$alkene, molecular modeling$Molecular Models of Ethylene$Ball-and-stick and space-filling models of ethylene are presented.$"searchArray[90] = "$addition reaction, alkene, Diels-Alder reaction$Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene and TCNE$Tetracyanoethylene in dichloromethane is added to anthracene in cyclohexane.$"searchArray[91] = "$addition reaction, alkene, chemiluminescence, Diels-Alder reaction$Addition of Oxygen to Tetrakis(N,N-dimethylamino) Ethylene$Tetrakis(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylene is shaken with oxygen$"searchArray[92] = "$descriptive chemistry, alkene, iodine, alpha-pinene, thermodynamics, organic, bonding, real life/environment, ring strain, addition reaction$Addition of Iodine to Alpha-Pinene (Version 1)$Iodine is mixed with cyclohexene and <FONT FACE= Symbol >&#97;</FONT>-pinene and the results are compared.$"searchArray[93] = "$organic chemistry$Acetylene$Preparation of acetylene and the reaction of chlorine with acetylene are demonstrated. An antique carbide lamp is also demonstrated.$"searchArray[94] = "$combustion, alkyne$Carbide Lamp$In an antique miner's lamp, calcium carbide reacts with water to form acetylene gas which is burned to produce light.$"searchArray[95] = "$descriptive chemistry, enthalpy/heat, evidence of chemical reaction, exothermic process, fire/flammability, halogens/halides/hydrohalic acids, limiting reactant, organic - hydrocarbons, redox reaction$Reaction of Chlorine with Acetylene (Version 2)$Calcium carbide with water in a container filled with chlorine gas reacts to produce acetylene which reacts vigorously with chlorine.$"searchArray[96] = "$alkyne, combustion, halogenation$Preparation and Combustion of Acetylene$Calcium carbide is added to water. This produces acetylene gas, which is then ignited.$"searchArray[97] = "$alkyne, combustion, halogenation, halogenation$Reaction of Chlorine with Acetylene (Version 1)$Hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hypochlorite solution to produce chlorine gas. Calcium carbide is added, producing bubbles of acetylene which burst into flame.$"searchArray[98] = "$alkyne, molecular modeling$Molecular Model of Acetylene$A ball-and-stick model of acetylene is shown.$"searchArray[99] = "$organic chemistry$Aromatic Compounds$A molecular model of benzene, the reactions of bromine with cylohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, phenol, and toluene, the effect of substituents and number of methyl groups on the electron density of aromatic rings, and chlorination reactions of methyl benzenes are demonstrated.$"searchArray[100] = "$aromatic, molecular modeling$Molecular Model of Benzene$A molecular model of benzene is shown.$"searchArray[101] = "$addition reaction, aromatic, alkene, halogenation$Reaction of Bromine with Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, and Benzene$Cyclohexane, cyclohexene and benzene are added to bromine. Only cyclohexene reacts with bromine under these conditions.$"searchArray[102] = "$substitution reaction, aromatic$Reaction of Bromine with Benzene, Phenol, and Toluene$Benzene, phenol, and toluene are added to bromine. Only phenol reacts with bromine under these conditions.$"searchArray[103] = "$electron density, aromatic$Electron Density of Aromatic Rings - Effect of Substituents$Tetracyanoethylene in dichloromethane is added to nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, benzene, and anisole. The colors of the resulting products are compared.$"searchArray[104] = "$electron density, aromatic$Electron Density of Aromatic Rings - Effect of Methyl Groups$Tetracyanoethylene in dichloromethane is added to benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and mesitylene. The colors of the resulting products are compared.$"searchArray[105] = "$electron density, aromatic, halogenation$Chlorination of Methyl Benzenes$Benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and mesitylene are added to a solution of chlorine in dichloromethane and the rates of reaction are compared.$"searchArray[106] = "$organic chemistry$Chirality$A series of chiral and achiral objects, the interaction of polarized light with organic molecules, the assignment of R- and S- configuration, Fisher projections, and a sterospecific reaction are demonstrated.$"searchArray[107] = "$tartrate complexes, stereochemistry, entropy$Entropy-driven Stereoselectivity$Solutions of the D and L configurations of vanadyl tartrate complexes are mixed. The mixture changes color as a complex that contains one tartrate ligand in the D configuration and another in the L configuration is formed.$"searchArray[108] = "$chiral, Fischer projection, polarized light$Chiral and Achiral Objects$A snail shell, pencil, glove, hand, and molecular models are shown with their mirror reflections.$"searchArray[109] = "$chiral, Fischer projection, polarized light$Snail Shell (Chiral)$A snail shell is shown with its mirror reflection. They are not superimpossable.$"searchArray[110] = "$chiral, Fischer projection, polarized light$Pencil (Achiral)$A pencil is shown with its mirror reflection. They are superimpossable.$"searchArray[111] = "$chiral, Fischer projection, polarized light$Glove (Chiral)$A glove is shown with its mirror reflection. They are not superimpossable.$"searchArray[112] = "$chiral, Fischer projection, polarized light$Hand (Chiral)$A hand is shown with its mirror reflection. They are not superimpossable.$"searchArray[113] = "$chiral, Fischer projection, polarized light$Carbon Atom with 4 Different Substituents (Chiral)$A carbon atom with four different substituents is shown with its mirror reflection. They are not superimpossable.$"searchArray[114] = "$chiral, Fischer projection, polarized light$Carbon Atom with 3 Different Substituents (Achiral)$A carbon atom with three different substituents is shown with its mirror reflection. They are superimpossable.$"searchArray[115] = "$chiral, polarized light, sugar$Polarized Light and Organic Molecules$Polarizing filters and the rotation of polarized light by chiral compounds are demonstrated and a polarimeter is shown. Several everyday objects are examined between polarizing filters.$"searchArray[116] = "$chiral, polarized light, sugar$Polarized Light and Organic Molecules - Polarizing Filters$One of a pair of polarizing filters is rotated. The positions of maximum and minimum transmission of light are shown.$"searchArray[117] = "$chiral, polarized light, sugar$Polarized Light and Organic Molecules - Carvone Isomers$Samples of chiral d- and l-carvone are shown to rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions.$"searchArray[118] = "$chiral, polarized light, sugar$Polarized Light and Organic Molecules - Sucrose$Sucrose solution is shown to rotate the plane of polarized light and is compared to water which does not rotate the plane of polarized light.$"searchArray[119] = "$chiral, polarized light, sugar$Optical Rotatory Dispersion: Polarized Light and Sucrose Solution in a Tall Cylinder$White light is passed through a cylinder filled with sucrose solution and the variation of color with distance is shown.$"searchArray[120] = "$chiral, polarized light, sugar$Polarimeter$Several views of a polarimeter are shown.$"searchArray[121] = "$chiral, polarized light, sugar$Polarized Light and Organic Molecules: Everyday Objects$The liquid crystal display of a calculator and several plastic objects are examined between polarizing filters.$"searchArray[122] = "$$Liquid Crystal Display of a Calculator$A polarizing filter is rotated over the liquid crystal display of a calculator.$"searchArray[123] = "$$Plastic Template$A plastic template is shown between polarizing filters. Areas of stress are revealed by colored bands of polarized light.$"searchArray[124] = "$$Calcite Crystal$A calcite crystal is shown between polarizing filters. Light continues to be transmitted as the polarizing filter is rotated through 360&deg;.$"searchArray[125] = "$$Plastic Cup$A polystyrene cup is examined between polarizing filters.$"searchArray[126] = "$$Plastic Box$A box made of polystyrene is examined between polarizing filters.$"searchArray[127] = "$$Cellophane Film$A sheet of cellophane film is examined between polarizing filters and the color of the light changes as the film is stretched.$"searchArray[128] = "$chiral, molecular modeling$R- and S- Configurations$Molecular models are used to demonstrate R- and S- configurations of chiral carbon. $"searchArray[129] = "$chiral, molecular modeling$Glyceraldehyde and the Fischer Projection$Molecular models are used to demonstrate chirality of glyceraldehyde and drawing its Fischer Projection.$"searchArray[130] = "$chiral, molecular modeling$Glyceraldehyde and the Fischer Projection: Chirality$A model of glyceraldehyde is shown with its mirror image. They are not superimposable.$"searchArray[131] = "$chiral, molecular modeling$Glyceraldehyde and the Fischer Projection: Drawing the Fischer Projection$The shadow of a molecular model of glyceraldehyde is used to draw its Fischer projection.$"searchArray[132] = "$organic chemistry$Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions$Solvolysis of secondary versus tertiary halides, effects of leaving groups, solvolysis of/and reactions of sodium iodide and silver nitrate with isomers of bromobutane, S<SUB>N</SUB>1 and S<SUB>N</SUB>2 mechanisms, and hydrolysis of tert-butyl chloride are demonstrated.$"searchArray[133] = "$alkyl halide, nucleophilic substitution, pH$Hydrolysis of tert-Butyl Chloride$This is a demonstration of the hydrolysis of tertiary butyl chloride.$"searchArray[134] = "$alkyl halide, nucleophilic substitution$Secondary versus Tertiary Halides$Solvolysis of Alkyl Bromides: Secondary versus Tertiary Halides$"searchArray[135] = "$alkyl halide, nucleophilic substitution, leaving group$Effects of Leaving Group$Solvolysis of tert-Butyl Chloride and tert-Butyl Bromide - Effects of Leaving Group$"searchArray[136] = "$alkyl halide, nucleophilic substitution, isomer$Reaction of Sodium Iodide with Bromobutane Isomers$Sodium iodide in acetone is placed in each of 1-bromobutane, 1-bromo-2-methylpropane, 2-bromobutane, and 2-bromo-2-methylpropane.$"searchArray[137] = "$alkyl halide, nucleophilic substitution, isomer$Solvolysis of Bromobutane Isomers$Isomers of C<SUB>4</SUB>H<SUB>9</SUB>Br are added to an alkaline aqueous acetone solution containing bromcresol green indicator.$"searchArray[138] = "$alkyl halide, nucleophilic substitution, isomer$Reaction of Silver Nitrate with Bromobutane Isomers$1-bromobutane, 2-bromobutane, and 2-bromo-2-methylpropane are each added to a 2% ethanolic solution of silver nitrate.$"searchArray[139] = "$alkyl halide, nucleophilic substitution, isomer$Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution - SN1$The mechanism of nucleophilic substitutions (S<SUB>N</SUB>1) is demonstrated.$"searchArray[140] = "$alkyl halide, nucleophilic substitution, isomer$Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution - SN2$The mechanism of nucleophilic substitutions (S<SUB>N</SUB>2) is demonstrated.$"searchArray[141] = "$organic chemistry$Alcohols$Oxidation of alcohols with chromic acid, oxidation of glycerin with potassium permanganate, Lucas test, ethanol cannon, and construction of a baster ball cannon are demonstrated.$"searchArray[142] = "$explosive, alcohol, combustion$Constructing a Baster Ball Cannon$A small clip from  ICE devices  shows combustion of methanol/ethanol.$"searchArray[143] = "$combustion, vaporization, alcohol$Ethanol Cannon$Ethanol vapor is ignited by a spark in a closed container.$"searchArray[144] = "$descriptive chemistry, enthalpy/heat, evidence of chemical reaction, exothermic process, alcohol, redox reaction, strong oxidizing agent$Oxidation of Glycerin with Solid Potassium Permanganate (Version 2)$Oxidation of glycerin (1,2,3-propanetriol) by potassium permanganate is demonstrated.$"searchArray[145] = "$alcohol, oxidation, reaction rates$Oxidation of Alcohols with Chromic Acid$Each of ethanol, 2-propanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol is added to acid dichromate solution.$"searchArray[146] = "$oxidation, combustion, reaction rates$Oxidation of Glycerin with Solid Potassium Permanganate (Version 1)$Glycerin is dropped onto piles of coarsely and finely ground potassium permanganate.$"searchArray[147] = "$alcohol, nucleophilic substitution, reaction rates$Lucas Test for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols$1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol are treated with a solution of ZnCl<SUB>2 </SUB> in concentrated aqueous HCl.$"searchArray[148] = "$organic chemistry$Aldehydes and Ketones$Addition of bisulfite to cyclohexanone, 2,4-dirntrohelyhydazine test for carbonyl compounds, iodoform test, Tollens test, oxidation of ascorbic acid, aldol condensation, and ketene generator are demonstrated.$"searchArray[149] = "$catalysis, decomposition reaction, copper, copper catalyst$Ketene Generator$This movie demonstrates the catalytic action of copper on decomposition of acetone.$"searchArray[150] = "$addition reaction, ketone$Addition of Bisulfite to Cyclohexanone$Cyclohexanone is shaken with an aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite.$"searchArray[151] = "$aldehyde, carbonyl, ketone$2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test for Carbonyl Compounds$2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is added to each of  2-propanol, 2-propanone (acetone), and propionic acid.$"searchArray[152] = "$alkyl halide, iodine, ketone$Iodoform Test for Methyl Ketones$An aqueous solution of iodine and potassium iodide is added to basic solutions of 2-pentanone and 3-pentanone in aqueous dioxane.$"searchArray[153] = "$silver, silver nitrate, sugar, aldehyde$Silver Mirror - Tollens Test for Aldehydes$Solutions of glucose, silver nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and sodium hydroxide are mixed.$"searchArray[154] = "$ketone, oxidation, enol tautomer$Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid$Ascorbic acid is immediately oxidized by hexacynoferrate(III) ion.$"searchArray[155] = "$aldol, condensation reaction$Aldol Condensation Reactions$Aldol condensation reactions are demonstrated.$"searchArray[156] = "$aldol, condensation reaction$Aldol Condensation Reaction - Salicylaldehyde$An aldol condensation reaction with salicylaldehyde is demonstrated.$"searchArray[157] = "$aldol, condensation reaction$Aldol Condensation Reaction - Vanillin$An aldol condensation reaction with vanillin is demonstrated.$"searchArray[158] = "$clock reaction$Aldol Condensation Reaction - Cinnamaldehyde$An aldol condensation reaction with cinnamaldehyde is demonstrated.$"searchArray[159] = "$organic chemistry$Phenols and Quinones$Ferric chloride test for phenols, nitration of acetaminophen, extraction of dicholroindophenol, oxidation of phenols with sodium periodate, nucleophilic addition to quinones,  purple benzene , oxidation of 2,6-Dit-butlhydoquinone, decolorization of crystal violet, and chameleon emulsion are demonstrated.$"searchArray[160] = "$complexion, aromatic$Ferric Chloride Test for Phenols$Aqueous ferric chloride is added to aqueous ethanolic solutions of each of cyclohexanol, phenol, acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin), and salicylic acid.$"searchArray[161] = "$nitration, aromatic$Nitration of Acetaminophen$Nitration of acetaminophen is demonstrated.$"searchArray[162] = "$extraction, polarity, solubility$Extraction of Dichloroindophenol$Dichloroindophenol is extracted demonstrating  like dissolves like .$"searchArray[163] = "$oxidation, aromatic$Oxidation of Phenols with Sodium Periodate$Aqueous sodium periodate is added, to each of phenol, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), 1,3-dihydroxybenzene (resorcinol), and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (hydroquinone).$"searchArray[164] = "$addition reaction, nucleophilic substitution$Nucleophilic Addition to Quinones$Aqueous K<SUB>3</SUB>Fe(CN)<SUB>6 </SUB> is added to each of hydroquinone and hydroquinone plus sodium benzenesulfinate.$"searchArray[165] = "$crown ether, solubility, polarity, complexion$Purple Benzene$Crown ether 18-dibenzo-crown-6 is added to solid potassium permanganate in benzene.$"searchArray[166] = "$crown ether, solubility, polarity, complexion$Crown Ether Catalyzed Oxidation of 2,6-Di-tert-butylhydroquinone$Crown Ether Catalyzed Oxidation of 2,6-Di-tert-butylhydroquinone$"searchArray[167] = "$kinetics/rates /mechanisms, micelles$Decolorization of Crystal Violet$Decolorization of Crystal Violet$"searchArray[168] = "$emulsion, solubility, polarity, dye, immiscible$Chameleon Emulsion$Toluene (with Rhodamine B dye) is shaken with saturated aqueous (NH<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB>.$"searchArray[169] = "$organic chemistry$Amines and Aniline$pH of aqueous ammonia, cyclohexylamine, and aniline, iodination of aniline, oxidation of aniline with benzoyl peroxide, the nitrous acid test, diazo coupling, reaction of luminol and light sticks are demonstrated.$"searchArray[170] = "$electromagnetic radiation, energy levels, enthalpy/heat, evidence of chemical reaction, thermochemistry/thermodynamics, copper catalyst, fluorescence, chemiluminescence$Luminol$Luminol is Demonstrated$"searchArray[171] = "$electromagnetic radiation, energy levels, enthalpy/heat, evidence of chemical reaction, thermochemistry/thermodynamics, copper catalyst, fluorescence, chemiluminescence$Light Sticks$Light sticks are demonstrated.$"searchArray[172] = "$aniline, pH, electron density$pH of Aqueous Ammonia, Cyclohexylamine, and Aniline$An electrode measures the pH of 0.1M aqueous solutions of ammonia, cyclohexylamine and aniline.$"searchArray[173] = "$substitution reaction, aromatic$Iodination of Aniline$Iodination of aniline is demonstrated.$"searchArray[174] = "$oxidation, amine, aromatic$Oxidation of Aniline with Benzoyl Peroxide$Oxidation of aniline with benzoyl peroxide produces a puff of smoke.$"searchArray[175] = "$amine, aromatic, primary structure, secondary structure$Diazotization of Aniline Derivatives: Nitrous Acid Test$The nitrous acid test is used to classify amines as primary, secondary, or tertiary.$"searchArray[176] = "$amine, aromatic, dye$Diazotization of Aniline Derivatives: Diazo Coupling$Solutions of 4-nitroaniline and anthranilic acid in aqueous HCl are treated with sodium nitrite solution to form the corresponding diazonium salts.$"searchArray[177] = "$organic chemistry$Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives$Conductivity of carboxylic acids, pH of acetic acid derivatives, hydrophobic effect, and soap emulsions of hydrocarbons are demonstrated.$"searchArray[178] = "$hydrophobic, hydrophilic, soap, emulsion, polar molecules$Soap Emulsifies Hydrocarbons$When kerosene and water are mixed, they separate quickly. Adding soap to the mixture, emulsifies the kerosene and disperses it throughout the water.$"searchArray[179] = "$conductivity, electrolytes, ionization$Conductivity of Carboxylic Acids$The conductivity of carboxylic acid solutions is tested with a conductivity apparatus.$"searchArray[180] = "$conductivity, electrolytes, ionization$Acetic Acid$The conductivity of water, glacial acetic acid, and dilute acetic acid are compared.$"searchArray[181] = "$conductivity, electrolytes, ionization$Neutralization$Aqueous solutions of acetic acid and ammonia have very low conductivity. When these solutions are mixed, the resulting solution of ammonium acetate displays high conductivity.$"searchArray[182] = "$conductivity, electrolytes, ionization$Strong and Weak Acids$The conductivity of 0.1 M solutions of HCl and acetic acid are compared$"searchArray[183] = "$pH, ionization, electronegativity$pH of Acetic Acid Derivatives$The pH of acetic acid, monochloro-, dichloro-, trichloro-, and trifluoroacetic acids are compared.$"searchArray[184] = "$pH, ionization, electronegativity$pH of Strong and Weak Acids$The pH of 0.1 M solutions of HCl and acetic acid are compared.$"searchArray[185] = "$pH, ionization, electronegativity$pH of Acetic Acid, Monochloro-, Dichloro-, Trichloro-, and Trifluoroacetic Acids$The pH of acetic acid, monochloro-, dichloro-, trichloro-, and trifluoroacetic acids are compared.$"searchArray[186] = "$pH, ionization, electronegativity$pH of Oxalic and Malonic Acids$The pH of oxalic and malonic acids are compared.$"searchArray[187] = "$immiscible, polar molecules, nonpolar$Hydrophobic Effect$Hydrophobic Effect: Octanoic acid forms a monolayer on the surface of water under certain conditions.$"searchArray[188] = "$immiscible, polar molecules, nonpolar$With Lycopodium Powder$Drops of octane and octanoic acid are placed on the surface of a dish of water covered with lycopodium powder$"searchArray[189] = "$immiscible, polar molecules, nonpolar$With NaOH$Drops of octanoic acid are placed on the surface of a dish of water and a dish of 0.1 M NaOH.$"searchArray[190] = "$organic chemistry$Polymers$Formation of formaldehyde copolymers, nylon rope, high and low density polyethylene, combustion of polyethylene and polystyrene, Beilstein test, formation of solid latex, cleaning oil spills, slime, solid foams, super absorbent polymer, formation of polyurethane foam under normal and micro gravity, and construction of a rod climbing apparatus are demonstrated.$"searchArray[191] = "$polymer, rubber$Forming Solid Latex$Latex is polymerized to form rubber.$"searchArray[192] = "$polymer, amide linkage$Nylon Rope (Version 2)$Another Movie of Synthesis of Nylon (6,6): Nylon Rope$"searchArray[193] = "$hydrocarbon, polymer, environmental chemistry$Cleaning Oil Spills$A hydrocarbon polymer encapsulates oil, allowing it to be removed from water.$"searchArray[194] = "$polymer, foam, cross-link$Polyurethane Foam$A polyether polyol and a polyfunctional isocyanate react to form polyurethane.$"searchArray[195] = "$polymer$Constructing a Rod Climbing Apparatus$A small clip from  ICE devices  shows a polymer  climbing  a rod.$"searchArray[196] = "$cross-link, polymer, borax, gel$Slime$Borate ions react with polyvinyl alcohol to form a gel.$"searchArray[197] = "$polymer, foam$Solid Foams$Acetone collapses a styrofoam peanut.$"searchArray[198] = "$gel, polymer, shielding$Superabsorbent Polymer$A superabsorbent polymer absorbs many times its weight in water, forming a gel. Sodium chloride disrupts the gel, and the mixture becomes a liquid again.$"searchArray[199] = "$polymer, copolymer, condensation polymer$Formaldehyde Copolymers$Formaldehyde Copolymers$"searchArray[200] = "$polymer, copolymer, condensation polymer$Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin$Forming phenol-formaldehyde resin.$"searchArray[201] = "$polymer, copolymer, condensation polymer$Urea-Formaldehyde Resin$Forming urea-formaldehyde resin.$"searchArray[202] = "$polymer, copolymer, condensation polymer$Aniline-Formaldehyde Resin$Forming aniline-formaldehyde resin.$"searchArray[203] = "$polymer, amide linkage$Nylon Rope (Version 1)$Synthesis of Nylon (6,6): Nylon Rope$"searchArray[204] = "$polymer, density$High and Low Density Polyethylene$In a liquid of appropriate density, high density polyethylene sinks and low density polymer floats.$"searchArray[205] = "$polymer, combustion, aromatic$Combustion of Polyethylene and Polystyrene$Polystyrene and polyethylene are burned.$"searchArray[206] = "$polymer, flame test$Beilstein Test for Poly(vinyl chloride)$This is a test for organic halides.$"searchArray[207] = "$polymer, foam, cross-link, gravity$Polyurethane Foam in Micro Gravity$Polyurethane foam is formed in micro gravity (NASA Reduced Gravity Program).$"searchArray[208] = "$polymer, foam, cross-link, gravity$Formation of Polyurethane Foam in Micro Gravity$This movie shows the foam being produced in micro gravity.$"searchArray[209] = "$polymer, foam, cross-link, gravity$NASA Reduced Gravity Airplane$This shows a NASA airplane creating a micro gravity environment by maintaining a parabolic flight path.$"searchArray[210] = "$dyes, chromatography, fluorescence$Thin Layer Chromatography of Dyes$Sudan B, Erythrosin, Rhodamine B, and a mixture of the three are spotted on a silica gel thin layer chromatography plate, and developed in acetone to separate the components.$"searchArray[211] = "$organic chemistry$Carbohydrates$Dehydration of sucrose, Fehling's test, Benedicts test, osazone formation, destructive distillation of wood, oxidation of sucrose with potassium chlorate, and guncotton are demonstrated.$"searchArray[212] = "$destructive distillation$Destructive Distillation of Wood$Wood is heated, decomposes, and forms methanol.$"searchArray[213] = "$reducing sugar, acetal, hemiacetal$Fehling's Test for Reducing Sugars$Glucose reduces blue Fehling's reagent to form copper(I) oxide. Sucrose does not reduce Fehling's reagent.$"searchArray[214] = "$acids/bases, bleaching, carbon, dehydration, oxidizing acid, redox reaction, strong acid, sulfur/sulfur oxides/sulfuric acid$Sucrose Dehydration gives Sulfur Dioxide$Sulfuric acid dehydrates sucrose forming carbon.$"searchArray[215] = "$acids/bases, bleaching, carbon, dehydration, oxidizing acid, redox reaction, strong acid, sulfur/sulfur oxides/sulfuric acid$With a Rose Petal$A rose petal is bleached by the sulfur dioxide.$"searchArray[216] = "$acids/bases, bleaching, carbon, dehydration, oxidizing acid, redox reaction, strong acid, sulfur/sulfur oxides/sulfuric acid$With Permanganate$The sulfur dioxide reduces dissolved purple permanganate to nearly colorless manganese(II).$"searchArray[217] = "$cellulose$Combustion of Nitrocellulose (Guncotton)$Cellulose burns slowly in a flame whereas nitrocellulose burns very rapidly.$"searchArray[218] = "$sugar, sulfuric acid, dehydration, carbohydrate$Dehydration of Sucrose with Sulfuric Acid$Concentrated sulfuric acid is added to sucrose forming carbon, steam and sulfur dioxide.$"searchArray[219] = "$acetal, hemiacetal, reducing sugar$Benedict's Test for Reducing Sugars$Tests for glucose, sucrose, and fructose.$"searchArray[220] = "$acetal, hemiacetal, reducing sugar$Benedict's Test for Glucose$Glucose is heated with Benedict's reagent to form a brick red precipitate.$"searchArray[221] = "$acetal, hemiacetal, reducing sugar$Benedict's Test for Sucrose$Sucrose is heated with Benedict's reagent with no visible reaction.$"searchArray[222] = "$acetal, hemiacetal, reducing sugar$Benedict's Test for Fructose$Fructose is heated with Benedict's reagent to form a red precipitate.$"searchArray[223] = "$acetal, hemiacetal, reducing sugar$Clinitest Tablet is Added to Glucose$A Clinitest tablet (anhydrous Benedict's reagent) is added to a solution of glucose producing a precipitate of brick-red Cu<SUB>2</SUB>O.$"searchArray[224] = "$acetal, hemiacetal, reducing sugar$Clinistrip Test of Glucose is Demonstrated$A Clinistrip for measures levels of glucose in urine.$"searchArray[225] = "$sugar$Osazone Formation$An aqueous solution of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride buffered with sodium acetate is added to each of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. They are heated.$"searchArray[226] = "$oxidation, exothermic, sulfuric acid$Oxidation of Sucrose with Potassium Chlorate$A pile of sucrose is mixed with potassium chlorate and a drop of concentrated sulfuric acid is added.$"searchArray[227] = "$$Nature of Proteins$Effect of pH on solubility, denaturing proteins, hydrolysis in strong base, binding to coomassie blue, dying wool and cotton, gel filtration column, reaction of ninhydrin with amino acids and precipitating protein with ammonium sulfate are demonstrated.$"searchArray[228] = "$protein, dye, protein binding$Binding Protein to Coomassie Blue$Coomassie blue binds to proteins forming a blue color. As more protein is added, the solution becomes a deeper blue color.$"searchArray[229] = "$$Denaturing Proteins$Egg white proteins are denatured by acid, lead solution, and heat.$"searchArray[230] = "$acid, protein, intermolecular forces, denaturation, tertiary structure$Acid Denatures Proteins$Strong acid denatures egg white proteins.$"searchArray[231] = "$metal, lead, protein, intermolecular forces, denaturation, tertiary structure$Lead Denatures Proteins$A lead solution denatures egg white proteins.$"searchArray[232] = "$heat, protein, intermolecular forces, denaturation, tertiary structure$Heating Denatures Proteins$Heat denatures the proteins in eggs.$"searchArray[233] = "$dye, proteins / peptides, polysaccharide, polymers$Dyeing Wool and Cotton$Martius yellow dye colors wool but not cotton.$"searchArray[234] = "$chromotography, protein, molecular weight, separation$Gel Filtration Column$Blue dextran, hemoglobin and riboflavin are passed through gel filtration columns.$"searchArray[235] = "$$Hydrolysis of Protein in Strong Base$Concentrated sodium hydroxide causes wool and hair to dissolve.$"searchArray[236] = "$proteins / peptides, hydrolysis, base, peptide bond, amino acids$Hydrolysis of Hair in Strong Base$Concentrated sodium hydroxide breaks the peptide bonds in hair, causing it to dissolve.$"searchArray[237] = "$proteins / peptides, hydrolysis, base, peptide bond, amino acids$Hydrolysis of Wool in Strong Base$Concentrated sodium hydroxide breaks the peptide bonds on wool, causing it to dissolve.$"searchArray[238] = "$amino acids, proteins / peptides$Reaction of Ninhydrin with Amino Acids$Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids to produce a violet compound.$"searchArray[239] = "$protein, precipitation, tertiary structure, solubility$Precipitating Protein with Ammonium Sulfate$Different egg white proteins are precipitated, depending on the amount of ammonium sulfate added to the mixture.$"searchArray[240] = "$proteins / peptides, solubility, pH, isoelectric$Effect of pH on the solubility of Casein$A basic solution of casein is titrated with 2M HCl.$"searchArray[241] = "$$Protein Reactions$Curdling milk, decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase, glucose oxidase activity, hydrolyzing of sucrose with invertase, and using an enzyme to halt the Briggs-Rauscher reaction are demonstrated. Inhibiting the enzyme HIV-1 protease may slow the spread of AIDS.$"searchArray[242] = "$enzyme, catalysis, decomposition reaction, oscillating reaction, protein, electrode potentials, kinetics/rates /mechanisms, redox reaction$Halting the Briggs-Rauscher Oscillating Reaction$The Briggs-Rauscher reaction is demonstrated in three different ways. Catalase from a liver extract decomposes the hydrogen peroxide in an Briggs-Rauscher reaction, stopping the oscillations.$"searchArray[243] = "$electrode potentials, kinetics/rates /mechanisms, oscillating reactions, redox reaction$Briggs-Rauscher With Stirring$The Briggs-Rauscher reaction is demonstrated with stirring.$"searchArray[244] = "$electrode potentials, kinetics/rates /mechanisms, oscillating reactions, redox reaction$Briggs-Rauscher Without Stirring$The mixture is not stirred and color oscillations are not uniform throughout the solution.$"searchArray[245] = "$electrode potentials, kinetics/rates /mechanisms, oscillating reactions, redox reaction$Briggs-Rauscher Monitored with Electrodes$Changes in electrochemical potential are demonstrated.$"searchArray[246] = "$enzyme, catalysis, decomposition reaction, oscillating reaction, protein$Halting the Briggs-Rauscher Reaction$Catalase from a liver extract decomposes the hydrogen peroxide in an Briggs-Rauscher reaction, stopping the oscillations.$"searchArray[247] = "$enzyme, catalysis, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, protein, cross-link$Curdling Milk$Milk protein is cleaved by rennin and forms curds. Larger curds form when calcium ions are added to the solution.$"searchArray[248] = "$catalysis, enzymes, kinetics, reaction rates$Factors Affecting Glucose Oxidase Activity$Various factors which affect glucose oxidase activity are demonstrated.$"searchArray[249] = "$catalysis, enzymes, kinetics, reaction rates$Different Amounts of Substrate$Increasing the amount of substrate in an enzymatic reaction increases the amount of product produced.$"searchArray[250] = "$catalysis, enzymes, kinetics, reaction rates$Different Amounts of Enzyme$Increasing the amount of enzyme used in an enzymatic reaction increases the amount of product produced.$"searchArray[251] = "$catalysis, enzymes, kinetics, reaction rates$Different Substrates$Glucose oxidase reacts specifically with glucose, only slightly with 2-deoxyglucose, and not with maltose.$"searchArray[252] = "$catalysis, enzymes, kinetics, reaction rates$Different Temperatures$Glucose oxidase is more active at 22&deg;C than at 4&deg;C.$"searchArray[253] = "$biochemistry, enzyme, molecular modeling, inhibitor$HIV-1 Protease: An Enzyme at Work$This is  HIV-1 Protease: An Enzyme at Work , from a video tape published by the <I>Journal of Chemical Education - Software</I> as <B>Special Issue 13</B>$"searchArray[254] = "$biochemistry, enzyme, molecular modeling, inhibitor$HIV-1 Protease: Introduction$A way to slow HIV production involves inhibiting the action of a cleavage enzyme that cut a large protein molecule into smaller pieces that are active. Clotting of cow's blood shows the importance of cleavage enzymes.$"searchArray[255] = "$biochemistry, enzyme, molecular modeling, inhibitor$HIV-1 Protease Monomers$Active protease has two identical protein molecules called monomers.$"searchArray[256] = "$biochemistry, enzyme, molecular modeling, inhibitor$HIV-1 Protease: Types of Models$There are many ways to model a molecule.$"searchArray[257] = "$biochemistry, enzyme, molecular modeling, inhibitor$HIV-1 Protease: Cutting the Pre-protein - Inhibiting This Cutting$If an inhibitor molecule is attracted to the cleavage site, it is no longer available to cut the pre-protein and HIV can't reproduce.$"searchArray[258] = "$biochemistry, enzyme, molecular modeling, inhibitor$HIV-1 Protease: An Inhibitor as Possible Treatment for AIDS$If a thrombin inhibitor is present in the blood, it doesn't form a clot.$A suitable inhibitor could be a treatment for HIV and AIDS.$"searchArray[259] = "$reducing sugar, acetal, hemiacetal, enzyme, hydrolysis, catalysis$Hydrolyzing Sucrose with Invertase$Invertase hydrolyses sucrose into glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis is confirmed using Fehling's reagent.$"searchArray[260] = "$enzyme, catalysis, decomposition reaction, protein$Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase$Catalase from a slice of potato decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.$"searchArray[261] = "$DNA, precipitation, alcohol, nucleic acid$Precipitating DNA$DNA is precipitated by addition of sodium acetate and ethanol.$"searchArray[262] = "$halogenation, alkene, bromine, addition reaction$Bromination of Pentene (Quiz Version)$Bromine is added to pentane and pentene. In the absence of intense light, only pentene reacts. (This version has no labels or voice)$"searchArray[263] = "$$Chemistry: The Central Science, 8th Ed.$Chemistry: The Central Science, 8th Edition, by Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., Bruce E. Bursten$"searchArray[264] = "$$Fundamentals of Chemistry, 3rd Ed.$Fundamentals of Chemistry, 3rd Edition, by Ralph A. Burns$"searchArray[265] = "$$Chemistry, 6th Ed.$Chemistry, 6th Edition, by Raymond Chang$"searchArray[266] = "$$General Chemistry, 6th Ed.$General Chemistry, 6th Edition, by Darrell D. Ebbing, Steven D. Gammon$"searchArray[267] = "$$Atoms, Molecules, and Reactions: An Introduction to Chemistry, 1st Ed.$Atoms, Molecules, and Reactions: An Introduction to Chemistry, 1st Edition, by Ronald J. Gillespie, Donald R. Eaton, David A. Humphreys, Edward A. Robinson$"searchArray[268] = "$$Chemistry for Changing Times, 8th Ed.$Chemistry for Changing Times, 8th Edition, by John W. Hill, Doris K. Kolb$"searchArray[269] = "$$General Chemistry, 2nd Ed.$General Chemistry, 2nd Edition, by John W. Hill, Ralph H. Petrucci$"searchArray[270] = "$$World of Chemistry, 2nd Ed.$World of Chemistry, 2nd Edition, by Melvin D. Joesten, James L. Wood$"searchArray[271] = "$$Chemistry &amp; Chemical Reactivity, 4th Ed.$Chemistry &amp; Chemical Reactivity, 4th Edition, by John C. Kotz, Paul Treichel$"searchArray[272] = "$$Chemistry: Principles and Reactions, 3rd Ed.$Chemistry: Principles and Reactions, 3rd Edition, by William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley$"searchArray[273] = "$$Chemistry, 2nd Ed.$Chemistry, 2nd Edition, by John McMurry, Robert C. Fay$"searchArray[274] = "$$Merrill Chemistry, 7th Ed.$Merrill Chemistry, 7th Edition, by Robert C. Smoot, Richard G. Smith, Jack Price$"searchArray[275] = "$$The Chemical World: Concepts and Applications, 2nd Ed.$The Chemical World: Concepts and Applications, 2nd Edition, by John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski, James L. Wood, John C. Kotz, Melvin D.$Joesten$"searchArray[276] = "$$Principles of Modern Chemistry, 4th Ed.$Principles of Modern Chemistry, 4th Edition, by David W. Oxtoby, H. P. Gillis, Norman H. Nachtrieb$"searchArray[277] = "$$Chemistry: Science of Change, 3rd Ed.$Chemistry: Science of Change, 3rd Edition, by David W. Oxtoby, Wade A. Freeman, Toby F. Block$"searchArray[278] = "$$Introductory Chemistry: FlexText, 1st Ed.$Introductory Chemistry: FlexText, 1st Edition, by Edward I. Peters, Mark S. Cracolice$"searchArray[279] = "$$General Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis), 10th Ed.$General Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis), 10th Edition, by WIlliam R. Robinson, Jerome D. Odom, Henry F. Holtzclaw Jr.$"searchArray[280] = "$$Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics, 1st Ed.$Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics, 1st Edition, by James N. Spencer, George M. Bodner, Lyman H. Rickard$"searchArray[281] = "$$General Chemistry (with InfoTrac), 3rd Ed.$General Chemistry (with InfoTrac), 3rd Edition, by Jean B. Umland, Jon M. Bellama$"searchArray[282] = "$$General Chemistry, 5th Ed.$General Chemistry, 5th Edition, by Kenneth W. Whitten, Raymond E. Davis, M. Larry Peck$"searchArray[283] = "$$Chemistry, 4th Ed.$Chemistry, 4th Edition, by Steven S. Zumdahl$"searchArray[284] = "$$Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 3nd Ed.$Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 3nd Edition, by Steven S. Zumdahl$"searchArray[285] = "$$Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 4th Ed.$Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 4th Edition, by Steven S. 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